Weekly Insight Digest
W21-2026 · 2026-05-18 — 2026-05-24
71 insights
Medina OEMA Business Jet Movements Counter-Trend Flat (−0.3%); Religious Pilgrimage Demand Becomes Saudi's Only Counter-Cyclical Anchor
★★★ Dual cross-verification. Against Saudi national business jet movements YoY crashing 19.8%, Medina OEMA is the only essentially flat airport (306 → 305, just −1). Riyadh OERK −27.3%; Dammam OEDF −2...
CharterBlast Launches Directly Connecting Operators With Customers; Charter Tech Platform Disintermediation Wave Enters New Phase
★★ KG event + industry background corroboration. CharterBlast officially launched May 14, 2026, as CrewBlast affiliate, with core positioning to directly connect charter operators with end customers, ...
Yingling Aviation Soon Completing Hawker Series Gogo Avance STC; Classic Business Jet Connectivity Upgrade Window Rapidly Narrows
★★ KG event + industry background corroboration. Yingling Aviation (majority stake acquired by AE Industrial Partners in 2023) has entered final steps of Hawker series Gogo Avance upgrade STC; the STC...
Piaggio P180 Avanti Global Active Fleet Shrinks 6.1%, but Remaining 107 Aircraft Per-Aircraft Utilization Grows +4.2% Against Trend
★★★ Dual cross-verification. Piaggio Aero in May 2026 at Aero Friedrichshafen announced P.180 Avanti NX upgrade plan (new avionics + cabin upgrade), but specific specifications and certification timel...
Million Air Three-Location Hangar Expansion; Birmingham KBHM Business Jet Movements YoY +5.8% Validates Investment Logic
★★★ Dual cross-verification. Million Air advancing hangar expansion at Richmond KRIC, Austin KAUS, Birmingham KBHM. Avi-Go data shows January–May 2026 three-airport combined business jet movements 38,...
Jet Aviation Brings Drone AI Inspection Tech to US MRO Bases; Inspection Time Expected to Shorten 50–75%
★★ KG event + industry generic data corroboration. Jet Aviation (General Dynamics subsidiary) on May 19, 2026 announced extending drone and AI-combined aircraft inspection technology from Europe to US...
Jet Card Market 2026 Dense Expansion; Scenario-Based Products and Disintermediation Platforms Emerge Simultaneously
★★ Multi-source independent news cross-verification. May 2026 US Jet Card market shows three parallel trends: (1) Scenario-based products — Magellan Jets launched $500K FIFA World Cup dedicated Jet Ca...
KBFI Business Jet Movements YoY +7.9%; KPDX Down 7.3% — Pacific Northwest Dual-Hub Flow Accelerates Divergence
★★ Avi-Go data + industry news corroboration. January–May 2026 KBFI (Boeing Field) business jet movements reached 15,280 (YoY +7.9%); arrival growth up to 12.8% — indicating Seattle's appeal as destin...
Classic Gogo ATG Network Hard-Closes November 8; 678 Active Business Jets Face 6-Month Upgrade Countdown
★★ FCC in May 2026 approved classic Gogo ATG network six-month extension; final closure date is November 8, 2026. Avi-Go data shows currently ~678 business jets still actively using ATG system, mainly...
Under Ebola Travel Ban, Entebbe Business Jet Departures Surge 155%; Central Africa Medical Evacuation Demand Sharply Rises
★★★ Dual cross-verification. May 2026 US CDC imposed 30-day entry ban on DRC, Uganda, South Sudan; WHO in same period declared Ebola outbreak as PHEIC. Avi-Go data shows May 1–23, 2026 Entebbe (HUEN) ...
Ontic New CEO Onboards Layered With RAS Liquidation; Legacy Parts Supplier Enters Consolidation Window
Ontic on May 20, 2026 appointed Jean-Christophe Gallagher as new CEO; former CEO Gareth Hall transitioned to Executive Chairman — dual-track transition model. Same period, Eclipse 500/550 sole critica...
Mongolia Business Jet Market Q1 2026 Movements Oscillating Weak; Hunnu Air Orders First King Air 360 Betting on Mining and Tourism Demand
Hunnu Air ordered Mongolia's first Beechcraft King Air 360, expected late-2027 delivery, for tourism and VIP commuter service. AviGo data shows January 2025 – May 2026 Mongolia business jet cumulative...
Steiner Aviation Expands Super-Midsize MRO Capacity; KCAK Airport Business Jet Movements YoY Essentially Flat With Type Mix Shift
Steiner Aviation in May 2026 added 12,000 sq ft hangar at Akron-Canton airport (KCAK) specifically expanding super-midsize business jet MRO capability. AviGo data shows KCAK January–May 2026 business ...
South Africa FAOR Business Jet Movements YoY +19.7% Outpaces Lanseria's +16.1%; Johannesburg Dual-Hub Gap Widens
January–May 2026, FAOR (O.R. Tambo) business jet movements 3,085 — YoY +19.7% (+508); FALA (Lanseria) 2,339 — YoY +16.1% (+324). FAOR not only leads in absolute volume by 746 but also faster growth — ...
CharterBlast Launches Featuring Disintermediation Direct-Connect Model; Diverges From Avinode B2B Matching Path
CharterBlast officially launched May 14, 2026, owned by CrewBlast, with core positioning to let charter operators directly reach end customers, reducing broker intermediation. Diverges from industry l...
Jet Aviation Drone + AI Inspection Tech Promoted From Europe to US; Business Jet MRO Digital Inspection Enters Scaled Deployment Phase
Jet Aviation on May 19, 2026 announced introducing drone + AI aircraft inspection technology (verified in Europe since 2023) to US market — applicable to classic types and early modified business jets...
Bombardier FastTrack A&P Technician Training Expands to Hartford Second Site; $20B Order Backlog Drives Talent Pipeline Building
Bombardier on May 13, 2026 launched FastTrack A&P accelerated technician training program second site at Hartford, partnering with CT Aero Tech; first Wichita site is two-year paid apprenticeship prog...
FlyEpic Enters US Fractional Ownership Market With Epic E1000 Turboprop, but AviGo Records Zero Operating Records; Commercial Implementation Not Yet Started
FlyEpic in early 2026 announced entering US fractional ownership market with Epic E1000 GX turboprop, positioned below traditional light jet fractional solutions (E1000 price ~$4–4.5M, far below Pheno...
Turkey Business Jet Movements and Active Fleet Data Show Notable YoY Decline; Some Airports See Structural Flow Change, but Data Anomalies Warrant Cautious Interpretation
AviGo data shows January–May 2026 Turkey business jet total movements ~13,753 vs. ~19,518 in same period of 2025 — ~−29.5%; active fleet fell from ~698 to ~455. Data still records LTBA (Atatürk Airpor...
G650 Fleet Enters 144-Month Deep Inspection Window in Concentrated Wave; Independent MROs Compete for Large-Cabin Business Jet Maintenance Share
Duncan Aviation recently completed two G650s' 144-month (12-year) deep inspection — this type's highest-level periodic maintenance. G650 started delivery in 2012; first batch aircraft concentrated at ...
Super-Midsize Citation Latitude and Challenger 350 Monthly Flight Hours Both Grow Over 13%; Pre-Owned Inventory Tightening Drives Utilization to Accelerate Climbing
January 1 – May 22, 2026, Citation Latitude monthly average flight hours YoY +14.1% (23,382h → 26,690h); Challenger 350 +13.5% (20,340h → 23,089h). Latitude active fleet 477; Challenger 350 432 — comp...
VistaJet Global 8000 China Roadshow Loud, but Its US-Registered Entity Has Few China Route Movements; Gap Between Brand Offensive and Observable Operating Data
Vista on May 21, 2026 brought Global 8000 flagship type to China for display promotion; news reports cite Greater China business aviation flight activity 2025 YoY +32%. However operating data shows Vi...
VistaJet Brings Global 8000 Flagship Type to China High-Profile; Leveraging Greater China Business Aviation 32% YoY Growth Momentum Capturing APAC Ultra-Long-Range Demand
On May 21, 2026, Vista officially brought Bombardier Global 8000 to China for display promotion, planning to progressively upgrade all 18 Global 7500s to Global 8000. The backdrop is Greater China bus...
Kazakhstan Business Jet Movements Decline 9% but Active Fleet Counter-Grows 4%; Per-Aircraft Utilization Falls to 7.6 Exposes Capacity Surplus
★★★ Dual cross-verification. Avi-Go data shows January–May 21, 2026 Kazakhstan business jet total movements 2,653, YoY −9.0%, but active fleet grew from 338 to 351 (+3.8%); per-aircraft utilization fe...
Jet Aviation Extends Drone AI Aircraft Inspection Tech From Europe to US; MRO Industry Digital Inspection Enters Scaled Deployment Phase
★★ Multi-news cross-verification. May 19–20, 2026 AIN and Aviation Week both reported Jet Aviation (General Dynamics subsidiary) extending drone- and AI-driven aircraft inspection technology from Euro...
VSE Completes $2B Acquisition of PAG; 48 Maintenance Facilities + 26 FAA Certified Repair Stations Build One of North America's Largest Independent Aviation MRO Networks
★★ KG + Avi-Go data corroboration. VSE Corporation completed ~$2.025B acquisition of PAG in May 2026; merged entity covers 61 sites, 8 countries, incl. 48 maintenance facilities and 11 distribution ce...
South Africa Business Jet Movements YoY +12.3% Leads Africa; AfBAA Membership Doubling Marks Industry Organization Entering Acceleration Phase
★★★ Dual cross-verification. Avi-Go data shows January–May 21, 2026 Africa five-country business jet departures combined 15,423, YoY +7.5%. South Africa with 8,502 contributed largest increment (+12.3...
Phenom 300 Active Fleet Shrinks 25% but Business Jet Movements Grow +9.5% Against Trend; Per-Aircraft Utilization Soars 46% Highlighting Inlet Repair Solution's Market Necessity
★★★ Dual cross-verification. Avi-Go data shows January–May 21, 2026 Phenom 300 global active fleet fell from 697 to 523 (−25%), but total business jet movements grew from 100,634 to 110,193 (+9.5%); p...
India Business Jet Movements Notable Growth; Light Jets Premier I / PC-24 / CJ2+ Break Into Top 10 Reshaping Fleet Structure
★★★ Dual cross-verification. Avi-Go data shows January–May 21, 2026 India business jet movements YoY notable growth (reportedly ~+15.7%, but statistical methodology may include broader business aviati...
Singapore Multi-Dimensional Regulatory Tightening: SAF Levy Delayed to October, Operating Scrutiny Tightened, VIP Terminal Renovation — Business Jet Operating Cost and Compliance Threshold Simultaneously Rise
★★ Multi-KG events cross-verification. Singapore is tightening business aviation regulation from multiple dimensions: (1) SAF levy system (Singapore is among global pioneers) due to jet fuel price sur...
Global 8000 Globally 58 Movements With Argentina Holding 59%; South America-Europe Corridor Becomes First-Batch Operating Main Route
★★★ Dual cross-verification. Avi-Go data shows January 1 – May 21, 2026 Global 8000 globally recorded 58 movements (29 departures + 29 arrivals); Argentina with one-side 17 holds 58.6% leading; follow...
UK Charter Operator Zenith Aviation Bankruptcy Liquidation; Biggin Hill Business Jet Ecosystem Loses Another Link
★★ Single KG source + news corroboration. On May 21, 2026, AIN confirmed Zenith Aviation has been declared insolvent. The company is based at Biggin Hill operating charter business. Public information...
Eclipse 500/550 Sole Parts Supplier RAS Announces Liquidation and Tooling Destruction; ~260 In-Service Fleet Faces Airworthiness Cliff Risk
★★★ Dual cross-verification. On May 21, 2026, AIN reported RAS announced liquidation and plans to destroy all tooling; currently no public buyer emerged. Avi-Go data shows January–April 2026 Eclipse 5...
VistaJet Enters China With Global 8000 but Avi-Go Records Just 4 Movements; Greater China 32% Growth Narrative Has Huge Gap With Actual Operating Volume
★★★ Dual cross-verification reveals contradiction signal. KG event shows Vista in May 2026 brought Global 8000 to China for display promotion, claiming Greater China 2025 flight activity YoY +32%. How...
New Zealand Aviation Service Market Highly Insular; ASL Acquires Bankrupt Airwork Preserving South Pacific Aviation Service Chain
On May 20, 2026, ASL Airlines Australia agreed to acquire New Zealand's Airwork in bankruptcy receivership. Avi-Go data shows January–May 2026 New Zealand departures dominated by domestic segments; am...
Duncan Aviation Completes First Batch G650 144-Month Inspection; Pre-Owned Market's 'On-Market-Sells-Immediately' Backdrop Makes Maintenance Status Key Pricing Variable
Duncan Aviation recently completed two G650s' 144-month deep inspections (12-year major overhaul) involving full disassembly and systematic verification — marking 2012–2014 delivery batch entering cri...
ACJ TwoTwenty Globally Just 2 Active; Per-Aircraft Utilization Down 8.4%; India Market Strategy Faces Implementation Challenges
Airbus positions India as ACJ TwoTwenty's strongest market in South Asia; core strategy is attracting large-cabin business jet upgrade users — of 9 customers globally, 7 previously owned traditional l...
Jet Aviation Drone + AI Inspection Tech Lands in US; Inspection Time Reduced 50%, Can Detect Millimeter-Level Defects
Jet Aviation on May 19, 2026 announced extending drone and AI-assisted aircraft exterior inspection technology from Europe to US market; this technology partnership began in 2023. Core efficiency metr...
India Business Jet Market Concentration Rapidly Declines; Karnavati Aviation +361%; VistaJet Falls Out of Top 5
January–May 2026 India outbound business jet flights 13,579; VSR Ventures with 1,009 flights (11 aircraft) leads but market share fell from 11.5% to 7.8%. Local operators explosive growth: Karnavati A...
G700 Global Active Fleet Jumps From Zero to 62 Aircraft; China at 118 Flights Ranks #3 Trailing Only US and UK
Avi-Go data shows same period of 2025 G700 active fleet was 0; January–May 2026 reached 62 — completing from-zero-to-scale rapid ramp. US far leads with 1,143 departures; UK 138 ranks #2; China 118 #3...
Embraer Business Jet Q1 Deliveries +47% YoY; Phenom 300 Global Active Fleet Reaches 634 Aircraft, Movements Continue Climbing
Embraer Q1 2026 delivered 29 business jets (YoY +47%); total revenue $1.4B (YoY +31%) — record Q1 high. Praetor 600E gained ANAC/EASA/FAA triple certification. Avi-Go data shows Embraer business jet s...
Wheels Up Q1 Business Jet Movements YoY Surge 34% Then April–May Sharp Pullback; Active Fleet Falls Below Same Period Last Year
Wheels Up Q1 2026 (January–March) business jet movements YoY +30.8% to +37.8%; active fleet expanded from ~105 to 128–130 — fleet transition showing initial effect. But April movements crashed to 4,88...
Pre-World Cup KTEB Business Jet Movements YoY Notable Growth; NY/NJ Match City Premium Effect Manifests Early
May 1–20, 2026 KTEB movements vs. same period of 2025 showed clear growth — standout among World Cup-related airports. Clay Lacy announced its KTEB FBO won't add special-event surcharge; Magellan Jets...
ATR HighLine All-Business-Class Turboprop Delivered to Berjaya Air; Opens High-End Island Charter New Category but No Business Jet Flight Records Yet
On May 20, 2026, Berjaya Air received the world's first ATR 72-600 HighLine all-business-class configuration aircraft (9M-BJA); May 22 entered Kuala Lumpur Subang to Pulau Redang route. ATR thus exten...
FlyEpic Opens Fractional Ownership New Track With Epic E1000 Turboprop; Challenges Traditional Jet Pricing System
FlyEpic launched Epic E1000 single-engine turboprop-based fractional ownership program in February 2026; entered formal operation March 24; still actively promoting on May 15 to build sales momentum. ...
Sweden eSAF Plant Gets €21M Grant; European Business Aviation SAF Compliance Cost Still Has No Short-Term Solution
Swedish Energy Agency granted €21M to Skellefteå electricity-to-liquid synthesis aviation fuel (eSAF) plant for design and engineering phase. In same period Germany committed €350M for eSAF projects. ...
Otto Aerospace Phantom 3500 Completes Design Freeze; Laminar-Flow-Tech Light Jet Targets Super-Midsize Performance
Otto Aerospace completed Phantom 3500 light jet Preliminary Design Review (PDR) in February 2026; publicly announced design freeze on May 13. The type uses natural laminar flow wing and fuselage desig...
South Africa Business Jet Departures YoY +12.2% Leads Africa; Nigeria March Anomalous Crash 79% Then April Bounces Back
January–May 19, 2026, Africa six-country business jet departures combined 17,334 — YoY +6.8%. South Africa at 8,343 (+12.2%) firmly retains largest market position; Kenya (+11.0%) and Tanzania (+19.1%...
Sino Jet Fleet Exceeds 40 Aircraft and Receives G700 ULR, but Avi-Go Database Retrieved No Flight Records
Per AIN May 6, 2026 report, Sino Jet received one Gulfstream G700 ULR ultra-long-range business jet; fleet scale exceeded 40 aircraft; 2025 revenue reached record $200M (YoY +20%). G700 ULR has ~7,500...
Qingdao Business Jet Movements YoY Surge 50%; Under US-China Trade Easing Signal, Second-Tier City Elasticity Stands Out
April 1 – May 19, 2026, Qingdao ZSQD business jet movements 51 — YoY +50% (vs. 2025 same period 34); Tianjin ZBTJ 46 — YoY +15%. Qingdao growth far exceeds Tianjin; daily-average movements rose from 0...
UK Business Jet Movements YTD Crash 8.5%; Pre-APD Tax Reform Demand Accelerates Outflow
January 1 – May 19, 2026, UK business jet movements 59,511 — YoY −8.5% (−5,562) — largest decline among European six major markets. May first 19 days YoY crashed 14.2% — downtrend accelerating clearly...
Muscat Business Jet Movements YoY Notable Decline; Middle East Geopolitical Tension May Be Main Suppression Factor
April 1 – May 19, 2026, Oman Muscat OOMS airport business jet movements just 178 vs. 250 in same period of 2025 — YoY ~−29%. May decline further expanded (69 vs. 107) — downtrend accelerating. In same...
Cannes Film Festival Drives Côte d'Azur Business Jet Movements MoM Surge 38%; LFMD Elasticity Far Exceeds LFMN
May 13–19, 2026 (Cannes Film Festival opening week), Nice LFMN and Cannes LFMD combined business jet movements 1,242, MoM vs. prior week's 901 +37.8%; YoY vs. 2025 same period 1,118 +11.1%. LFMD MoM s...
Beijing Daxing Business Jet Movements Three-Day Surge 1300%; Capital Airport Flow Substantially Diverted
May 13–15, 2026, Beijing three airports combined 59 business jet movements vs. 34 in prior week same period — MoM +73.5%. Structural change extremely significant: Daxing (ZBAD) surged from 3 to 42 (+1...
Chicago Twin-Airport NetJets Departures Down 11–16%; Flexjet and Executive Jet Management Grow Against Trend Capturing Share
January–May 18, 2026, KMDW business jet movements 11,430 (YoY −7.6%); KPWK 10,647 (just −0.7%). Both airports' operator competitive landscape shows consistent change: NetJets KMDW departures −11.3% (1...
Pre-Owned Business Jet Inventory Falls to Record-Low 6.6%, Values +3%; Global Turboprop Active Fleet Data Shows Notable Growth but Cautious Interpretation Needed
Global pre-owned business jet inventory fell to 6.6% of fleet total (far below 8.2% historic mean); values YoY +3% but transaction volume declined — typical seller market. IADA confirmed Q1 demand exc...
Bali WADD Business Jet Movements YoY Surges 29.9%; Singapore Jumps to #2 Origin Surpassing Australia
January–May 18, 2026, WADD business jet movements 478, YoY +29.9% (vs. 2025 same period 368); all months broadly grew with even magnitude (20–39%). Jakarta WIII same period grew +12.3% (651 → 731). WA...
NetJets Receives First Batch 3 Citation Ascends Launching Fleet Replacement; but NetJets Europe Operating Volume YoY −15.6%; Active Fleet Contracts 10–20%
NetJets in early May 2026 received first batch 3 Citation Ascends, becoming global launch customer, complementing January's discontinuation of Citation XLS jet card sales advancing fleet replacement. ...
Singapore SAF Levy Delayed to October + Compliance Scrutiny Tightening; April–May Business Jet Movements YoY Crash 18.8% and 17.1% Respectively
Singapore is the first country globally to levy SAF fees on aviation passengers; originally scheduled April 1; due to jet fuel price surge deferred to October 1. Meanwhile, from May 2026 business jet ...
CF34-3 Engine Corrosion Issue Triggers Proposed AD; Substantial In-Service Engine Fleet Affected; Hop-A-Jet Operating Volume Did Not Shrink, Actually Grew
NTSB on April 2026 released Naples CL604 accident final report, confirming CF34 engine VG system saltwater corrosion as root cause. FAA subsequently on April 30 issued AD NPRM (Notice of Proposed Rule...
Baku UBBB Business Jet Movements YoY Notable Growth; Route Center Shifts From Gulf/Russia to London/Istanbul; Type Mix Tilts Toward Bombardier
January–May 18, 2026 UBBB business jet movements 1,437, YoY +41.7% (vs. 2025 same period 1,014); January's growth was the largest. Route structure shows clear change: outbound #1 changed from Dubai to...
Mexico World Cup Match City Business Jet Flow Substantially Rises Pre-Event: MMTO and MMGL Daily Average Movements Notable Growth, but FBO Support Capability May Face Pressure
May 1–18, 2026, MMTO and MMGL daily-average business jet movements vs. prior baseline period showed substantial growth (data shows magnitude in multi-fold), pre-event preheat effect significant. But n...
Dar es Salaam Business Jet Movements YoY +13.1%; AfBAA Organizational Acceleration Provides Institutional Basis for East African Corridor Long-Term Development
January–May 17, 2026 Dar es Salaam HTDA business jet movements 284 (YoY +13.1%, +33), opening gap with Addis Ababa HAAB (195, just +0.5%). In same period, AfBAA under new leadership saw membership sca...
Post-Ownership-Change Infinity Aviation North-South Positioning Forms; South Florida Three Airports Business Jet Movements Broadly YoY −4 to −6%
Infinity Aviation on May 13, 2026 announced adding second FBO site in South Florida, forming north-south complementary positioning with New Hampshire headquarters. The company after 2025 ownership cha...
Mumbai Large-Cabin Business Jet Movements YoY +15.1%; ACJ TwoTwenty Targets India Upgrade Replacement Demand
January–May 17, 2026 Mumbai VABB large-cabin business jet movements 2,392 (YoY +15.1%); arrival increment particularly outstanding (+17.9%), leading Delhi VIDP (+6.5%). Airbus announced on May 11 view...
CF34-3 Series Engine Saltwater Corrosion Airworthiness Concern Heats Up; Coastal Operators of CL604 and Other Types Need to Watch Compliance Dynamics
Per reports, NTSB issued an investigation report related to Hop-A-Jet CL604 accident, pointing to potential failure of GE CF34-3 series engine variable geometry (VG) parts from saltwater corrosion. FA...
Jetex Istanbul 40th Site Opens; LTFM Business Jet March Movements YoY Surge 49% but May Pullback
Jetex on May 7, 2026 activated its 40th global FBO site at Istanbul iGA airport (LTFM), positioning as VIP travel hub. LTFM business jet movement data shows March reached 345 peak (MoM February +61%),...
Wheels Up North America Business Jet Movements YoY Crash 46.4%; April–May Decline Accelerates Breaking 60%
January–May 17, 2026 Wheels Up North America business jet movements cumulative 23,019 vs. 42,930 in same period of 2025 — YoY −46.4%. More alarming is the decline-acceleration trend: January–March mai...
Geneva Business Jet Concentration High; Annecy/Lyon Diversion Capability Limited; Operating Pressure During Large International Summits Warrants Attention
May 1–17 baseline data shows Geneva LSGG movements 1,288 (daily average 75.8) — 94.4% of three-airport total; concentration further rose from same period of 2025's 92.6%. Annecy LFLP just 54 (YoY −27%...
Singapore Business Jet Flow Front-Loaded Then Declines; April YoY Crash 18.8%; SAF Tax Delayed to October Buys Operators Window
January–May 17, 2026 Singapore two airports (WSSS + WSSL) business jet movements cumulative 3,144, YoY just slight −0.4%, but monthly divergence dramatic: January–February boosted by Lunar New Year Yo...
European Five-Country Business Jet Departures April YoY Crash 17.1%; SAF Blending and Slot Dual Squeeze Accelerate Market Divergence
January–May 17, 2026 European five-country (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Netherlands) business jet departures cumulative 98,328, YoY −6.6%. April decline reached 17.1% (−4,502) — deepest of the peri...